6440. panim or paneh
Lexical Summary
panim or paneh: face, faces
Original Word: פָנִים
Transliteration: panim or paneh
Phonetic Spelling: (paw-neem')
Part of Speech: Noun Masculine
Short Definition: face, faces
Meaning: the face, as a
Strong's Concordance
accept, anger, as long as, battle, because of, beseech, countenance

Plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun (paneh {paw-neh'}; from panah); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.) -- + accept, a-(be-)fore(-time), against, anger, X as (long as), at, + battle, + because (of), + beseech, countenance, edge, + employ, endure, + enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, X him(-self), + honourable, + impudent, + in, it, look(-eth) (- s), X me, + meet, X more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), X on, open, + out of, over against, the partial, person, + please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, + regard, right forth, + serve, X shewbread, sight, state, straight, + street, X thee, X them(-selves), through (+ - out), till, time(-s) past, (un-)to(-ward), + upon, upside (+ down), with(- in, + -stand), X ye, X you.

see HEBREW panah

Brown-Driver-Briggs

H6440. panim

or paneh [מָּנֶה‎], plural מָּנִים2123

noun masculineProverbs 25:23 and (Ezekiel = 21:21 = edge; on 2 Samuel 10:9 see below) feminine face, also faces (as turned toward one); — plural absolute מָּנִיםGenesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַיGenesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺPsalm 11:7 (Köll.1.446); 2 masculine pluralמְּנֵיכֶםGenesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, 4:5-6, Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening ׳י‎, Ges§ 146a), Proverbs 15:14 (but read מִּי‎, as Qr, see מֶּה‎); —

I. 1. face, faces (Jeremiah 30:6; Ezekiel 27:35 +, compare 1:6; 10:14, 21 etc.):

a. literally, of man Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; 10:9, 15 +; פ ׳עוֺרExodus 35:29-30, 35; pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; Jeremiah 30:6, flushed Isaiah 13:8; Ezekiel 21:3, compare Nahum 2:11; Joel 2:6; tearful Isaiah 25:8; Job 16:16; sad, ׳פ רעיםGenesis 40:7, compare Nehemiah 2:2-3, also פ ׳רֹעַEcclesiastes 7:8 i.e. sadness; פ ׳יֵּיטִבProverbs 15:13 maketh glad the face; פָנֶיךָ נָָֽפְלוּ‎, Genesis 4:5-6, why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1 Samuel 1:18 (reading לוּ נָָֽפְ נָָֽפְלָה,‎, or הִמִּילָה‎); covered with shame Ezekiel 7:18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jeremiah 51:51; Psalm 69:8; 83:17, etc.

b. of ׳יExodus 33:20, compare 33:23.

c. אֶלמָּֿנִים מָּנִים‎ face to face, of seeing (God) Genesis 32:31, compare Judges 6:22, knowing Deuteronomy 34:10, judging Ezekiel 20:35, speaking Exodus 33:11, and so ׳פ ׳בְּפDeuteronomy 5:4; פָנִים נִתְרֶאֶה2 Kings 14:8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare 14:11 2 Chronicles 25:17, 21.

d. of relations with פ ׳הֵרִים ׳׃יEzra 9:6, in worship (see also נשׂא‎); in spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; 32:33 (פָנִים וְלֹא עֹרֶף אֵלַי מָּנָה‎); פ ׳נָתַן י ׳לִדְרוֺשׁ2 Chronicles 20:3; אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי אֶתפֿ ׳נָתַןDaniel 9:3; פָנִים קְשֵׁי הַבָּנִיםEzekiel 2:4.

e. of ׳י‎ himself, מִכֶּם מָּנִיםִ יָסִיר לֹא2 Chronicles 30:9; רָ֑ע י ׳מְּנֵי בְּעֹשֵׂיPsalm 34:17; מָּנֶיךָ גַּעֲרַת80:17. — See further below

7. 2. a. = presence, person, of ׳יExodus 33:14-15, בְּפָנָיוDeuteronomy 4:37, מָּנָיו מַלְאַךְIsaiah 63:9; הַמָּנִים לֶחֶם‎, see לֶחֶם‎; of ׳י‎s angry presence Lamentations 4:16; Psalm 21:10; of Absalom 2 Samuel 17:11; in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ4a), Proverbs 7:15.

b. with ראה‎ technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man Genesis 32:21 (+ 3 other uses of ׳פ‎), (God, with יראה‎ pointed as

Niph`al, see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank Genesis 43:3, 5; 44:23, 26, king Exodus 10:28 (twice in verse) compare 10:29 (all J), 2 Samuel 14:24 (twice in verse); 14:28, 32; compare 3:13 (twice in verse); הַמֶּלֶךְ פְנֵי רֹאֵי2 Kings 25:19 = Jeremiah 52:25; Esther 1:14; implying favour of person seen, man Genesis 33:10 (J), God 33:10, compare Job 33:26 (Hiph`il), and, with חזה‎, Psalm 11:7; 17:15.

3 face of seraphim Isaiah 6:2, cherubim Exodus 25:20 (twice in verse) = 37:9 (twice in verse), Ezekiel 1:8, 11; 2 Chronicles 3:13 +.

4 face of animals, הַצּאֹן מְּנֵיGenesis 30:40; ופ ׳שׁוֺר נֶשֶׁר ׳פ וּפ ׳אַרְיֵהEzekiel 1:10 (in descr. of cherubim), compare 10:14; ׳פ אַרְיֵה‎ also 1 Chronicles 12:8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר׳פEzekiel 41:19; פ ׳מִּתְחֵיJob 41:6 of crocodile.

5 face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה‎) Genesis 2:6; 4:14; 7:4; Psalm 104:30 +, so ׳פ הָאָרֶץGenesis 1:29; 7:3; 8:9; 11:4, 8, 9; 19:28; Isaiah 24:1, ׳פ תֵבֵל14:21; 27:6; of a field Proverbs 24:31; ׳פ תְהוֺםGenesis 1:2 (twice in verse); Job 38:30, ׳פ הַמַּיִםGenesis 7:18; הַשָּׁמַיִם׳פ רְקִיעַ1:20; כִֿסֵּה׳פJob 26:9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶהfullmoon); ׳פ הַלּוֺט‎ Job 25:7 see [ לוּט‎; ׳פ לְבוּשׁוֺ41:5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezekiel 41:14; 47:1, ׳פ הַקֹּדֶשׁ41:21; of gate 40:6, 20, 22; 42:15; 43:4; of chamber 40:44 (twice in verse); 40:45-46, of pot (סִיר‎) Jeremiah 1:13; ׳פ הַמִּלְחָמָה2 Samuel 10:9 battle-front = 1 Chronicles 19:10 (verb agrees with ׳הַמּ‎ in Gender, Ges§ 146a); = van of locust-army Joel 2:20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ‎); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezekiel 21:21, of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10; = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Proverbs 27:23; ׳פ הַדָּבָר2 Samuel 14:20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.

6 as

adverb of location וּמֵאָחוֺר מִמָּנִים2 Samuel 10:9 before and behind = ׳פ ׳וְֿ1 Chronicles 19:10, also Ezekiel 2:10; 2 Chronicles 13:14; מְּנֵיtoward Cant 7:5, also in front (to the East?) of20:16 (see לִפְנֵי

d below); לְפָנִיםforward Jeremiah 7:24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר‎); מִלִּפְנִים1 Kings 6:29 see מְּנִימָה‎;

adverb temporal לְפָנִיםformerly Deuteronomy 2:12, 20; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10-11, 13 12t.; מִלְּפָנִיםIsaiah 41:26 from beforetime ("" מֵראֹשׁ‎).

7 for other phrases see: אוֺר

verb Hiph`il 5; אוֺרn. 10; בּוֺשׁ

Hiph`il; בקשׁPi`el 3; בּשֶׁת

1; [הַכָּרָה‎]; הָדַר

2; זָעַם

Niph`al; זָעַף

1; הָבַשׁ1a; I. חָרָה‎ I חָוַר‎; חָזַקPi`el 5; II. חלה‎; IV. חמר‎; חָפָה‎; טָחַן‎; יָעַד

Hoph`al; יְשׁוּעָה

3; כּוּןHiph`il 3; כִּמֶּר

1; כָּסָהPi`el 1, 2; מָאוֺר‎; מְגַמָּה‎ p. 169; I. מוּל‎; מַשּׂא‎; [נָבַט‎] Hiph`il 3; נֶגֶד1, 2 c; נֹכַח‎; נָכַר

Hiph`il; נָפַל3b, and Hiph`il 5; נָשָׂא1b (3); נָתַן2b; סָבַבHiph`il 1 a; סָתַרHiph`il 2; I. עֵבֶר

2; עָזַז עַז,

Hiph`il; עָמַדHiph`il 6 a; II. עֻמָּה‎; [צָרַב‎]; [קָדַם‎]

Pi`el; שִׂים‎; שׁוּב

Hiph`il; שִׁית‎; II.שָׁנָה

Pi`el; תֹּפֶת‎.

II. מְּנֵי‎ with prepositions: —

1 אֶלמְּֿנֵי‎:

a. to the presence of, Exodus 23:17 pregnantly הָאָדוֺן אֶלמְּֿנֵי ֗֗֗ יֵרָאֶה‎ shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) ׳י‎ ("" 34:23 הָא ׳אֶתמְּֿנֵי‎); with יָצָא‎ = to confront2 Chronicles 19:2.

b. to the front of, after a verb of motion, Leviticus 6:7 אֶלמְּֿנֵ ֗֗֗ אֹתָהּ ׳הַקְרֵב הַמִּזְבֵּחַ‎, 9:5; 16:2; Numbers 17:8; 20:10.

c. towards or on the front of (אֶל‎ = עַל‎), Ezekiel 41:4, 12, 15, 25; 42:2-3, 7, 10, 13; 45:7; 48:21.

d. on to the surface of, Leviticus 14:53 הַשָּׂדֶה אֶלמְּֿנֵי ֗֗֗ וְשִׁלַּח‎, Ezekiel 16:5.

2 אֶתמְּֿנֵיclose by (II. אֵת‎) the face or front of: hence

a. the presence of, 1 Samuel 2:11 ׳אֶתפֿ עֵלִי1 Kings 12:6 who stood ׳אֶתפֿ שְׁלֹמֹה‎ (compare לִפְנֵי10:8), Esther 1:10; Proverbs 17:24; pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם‎ leg., ᵑ7 ᵑ6‎ We Dr and others) 1 Samuel 22:4. Specifically י ׳אֶתמְּֿנֵיGenesis 19:13 (1 Samuel 2:17), 2:27; 2:18; and with נִרְאָה‎ of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים‎, Exodus 34:23 אֶתפֿ כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ ׳יֵרָאֶה הָאָדֹן‎, 34:24; Deuteronomy 16:16 (compare Dr), 31:11; 1 Samuel 1:22 ("" ׳אלפֿ ׳יExodus 23:17); so מָּנַי‎ alone 23:15 = 34:20 (רֵיקָם פָנַי יֵרָאוּ לֹא‎), Isaiah 1:22, פָנֶיךָPsalm 42:3 (according to many, GesThes DiExodus 23:15 CheIsaiah 1:12, critical note, the verb in all these passages was originally

Qal, afterwards pointed as

Niph`al to avoid the expression see the face of ׳י‎); אֶתמָּֿנֶיךָin thy presence Psalm 16:10; 21:7; Psalm 140:14.

b. in front of, Genesis 33:18. אֶתפֿ ׳וַיִּחַן הָעִיר‎, Leviticus 4:6 י ׳לִפְנֵי ׳אֶתפֿ הַקֹּדֶשׁ פָרֹכֶת4:17. — מְּנֵי מֵאֵתfrom before, see II. אֵת4a. 3. בִּפְנֵי‎: (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַקto spit Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 25:9; התיצבto make a stand 7:24; 11:25, and עמדJoshua 10:8, בְּפָנֶיךָ אִישׁ יַעֲמֹד לֹא21:42; 23:9; עָנָהto answer (give evidence) against, Hosea 5:5 בפניו ישׂראל גאון וענה‎, 7:10; Job 16:8; בִּפְנֵיהֶם וְנָקֹטוּ‎ = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezekiel 6:9, so 20:43; 36:31. (b) in front of, 42:12.

4 לִפְנֵי‎, properly at the face or front of, the most General word for in the presence of, before: as Genesis 18:22 אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי עֹמֵד‎, Exodus 4:21; 11:10; 2 Samuel 2:14; Proverbs 17:18 + often; after a verb of motion, Genesis 47:2 פ ׳לפני וַיַּצִּיגֵם‎ and set them before Pharaoh, 27:20 לפני י הִקְרָה ׳כִּי‎ literally made (it) to meet before me (compare 24:12), Exodus 29:10; Proverbs 18:16 etc. In particular,

a. With the implication of (a) under the eye or oversight of, Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1. (b) under the eye and regard of, Genesis 17:18 לְפָנֶיךָ יִחְיֶה יִשְׁמָעֵאל לוּ‎, Hosea 6:2; Isaiah 53:2; Psalm 61:8; compare Jeremiah 30:20; 31:36; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:29: also 1 Samuel 2:28; 2 Samuel 19:14. (c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, Genesis 6:13 לְפָנַי בָּא כָּלבָּֿשָׂר קֵץ‎ is come in before me, Lamentations 1:22 לְפָנֶיךָ כָלרָֿעָתָם תָּבאֹ‎, Jonah 1:2 לְפָנַי עָֽלְתָה‎ (compare אֶלGenesis 18:21; Exodus 2:23), Isaiah 65:6 לְפָנָ֑י כְּתוּבָה‎, Jeremiah 2:22 לְפָנָי נִכְתָּךְ‎ (compare נֶגְדִּיIsaiah 47:12). (d) openly before, 1 Samuel 12:2 לִפְנֵי הִתְהַלֵךְ‎, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 2:35, especially י ׳לפניGenesis 17:1 and elsewhere. (e) in presence of the moon or sun, Psalm 72:5; 72:17, i.e. as long as they endure. (f) free before, at the disposal of,Genesis 13:9 לְפָנֶיךָ כָלהָֿאָרֶץ הֲלֹא‎ (compare 20:15; 34:10; 47:6; Jeremiah 40:4; 2 Chronicles 14:6), 2 Chron 24:51; Song of Solomon 8:12. (g) in the sight (estimation) of, Genesis 7:1 thee have I seen to be just before me, 10:9 a mighty hunter before ׳י‎, Deuteronomy 24:4 ל ׳תּוֺעֵבָה ׳י‎, 24:13 ל ׳צְדָקָה ׳י‎, 1 Samuel 20:1 b, ׳ל ׳י אָרוּרJoshua 6:26; 1 Samuel 26:19, ל ׳לְרָצוֺן ׳י‎ acceptable before ׳י‎, Leviticus 1:3 +, Psalm 19:15; 2 Kings 5:1 a great man אֲדֹנָיו לִפְנֵי‎, Proverbs 14:12; Psalm 143:2; ל ׳וַיִּיטַב‎ (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי‎) Nehemiah 2:5-6, Esther 5:14; ל ׳טוֺבEcclesiastes 2:26; 7:26; compare also לִפְנֵי לְרַחֲמִים נָתַן‎, see רַחֲמִים‎. (h) י ׳לִפְנֵי‎, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of ׳י‎'s presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: Genesis 27:7 that I may eat and bless thee before ׳י‎, before I die, Exodus 18:12 to eat bread before God, Deuteronomy 1:45 ye wept before ׳י‎, 6:25; 12:7 (to eat, so 12:18; 14:23, 26; 15:20), 15:12 (rejoice, so 15:18; 27:7; Isaiah 9:2), Joshua 18:6; 24:1; Judges 11:11; 20:23, 26; 21:2; 1 Samuel 7:6; 10:19; 11:15; 12:7; 15:33; 23:18; 2 Samuel 5:3; 7:18; 21:9; and constantly in P, as Exodus 16:9, 33, 34; Leviticus 1:5, 11; 3:1, 7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Isaiah 23:18. So in ל ׳הָלַךְ ׳י1 Kings 2:4 and elsewhere.

b. In other phrases: — (a) לִפְנֵי עָמַדto stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, Deuteronomy 1:38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד

1e). Simil. לִפְנֵי הָיָה1 Samuel 19:7 (compare 29:8), 2 Kings 5:2; ל ׳עָבַד2 Samuel 16:19. (b) לִפְנֵי הִשְׁתַּחֲוָהto bow down before Genesis 23:12; Deuteronomy 26:10; 2 Kings 18:22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה‎; also נָפַל3b): so with הִתְמַּלֵּלto pray 1 Samuel 1:12 +; compare פָני הלך1 Kings 12:30; 1 Chronicles 21:30. (c) to be smitten (נִגַּף‎) before a foe; see נָגַף‎ Niph`al [contrast מִמְּנֵי נוּס‎: below 6a]. So with נָפַל1 Samuel 14:13; נָתַן‎ (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as Deuteronomy 1:8, 21; 7:2 (twice in verse); 7:23; Joshua 10:12; 11:6 + (DrDT lxxxii): compare Judges 4:15; 2 Samuel 5:20; Isaiah 45:1; Jeremiah 1:17. (d) לִפְנֵי עָמַדto stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as ׳ע בִּפְנֵי‎, above

3), Exodus 9:11; Judges 2:14; 2 Kings 10:4; Jeremiah 49:19; Psalm 76:8; 147:17; Nahum 1:6; so with הִתְיַצֵּבDeuteronomy 9:2; Joshua 1:5; Job 41:2, קוּםJoshua 7:12-13,. (e) in hostile sense (rare), לִפְנֵי יָצָא‎ go forth to face 1 Chronicles 14:8; 2 Chronicles 14:9. (f) לִפְנֵי‎ (נָתַן‎) שִׂים‎, of food, to set or place before, Genesis 18:8; 24:33 +. (g) לִפְנֵי נָתַן‎ to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), Deuteronomy 4:8; 11:26, 32; 30:1, 15, 19; 1 Kings 9:6 (D2), Jeremiah 9:12; 21:8; 26:4; 44:10; Daniel 9:10, compare Ezekiel 23:24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂיםExodus 19:7; 21:1.

c. With reference to position: (a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד‎ is hardly used), Genesis 32:21 לְפָנָ֔י הַהֹלֶכֶת בַּמִּנְחָה‎ that goeth before me, 33:14 the cattle לְפָנַי אֲשֶׁר‎, Exodus 17:5; 23:20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, 13:21-22, Numbers 10:33; Isaiah 52:12; 58:8 +; 2 Samuel 3:31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd Genesis 32:18; of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1 Samuel 30:20 (read לְפָנָיו וַיִּנְהֲגוּ‎ We Dr), Isaiah 8:4; 40:10 = 62:11 לְפָנָיו וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ‎ his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9:4; Lamentations 1:5-6, (b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, Deuteronomy 10:11; Judges 9:39; 1 Samuel 8:20; Micah 1:13 and elsewhere; compare לפני ויצא בא‎ (העם‎) Numbers 27:17; 1 Samuel 18:13, 16; 2 Chronicles 1:10; Ecclesiastes 4:16 before whom (at whose head) he was. (c) denoting superiority, before, above, Genesis 48:20 מנשׁה לפני אתאֿפרים וַיָּשֶׂם‎, Job 34:19.

d. Of places (not very common): Exodus 14:2 before Pi-hahiroth . . ., before Baal-zephon, Numbers 33:7b, Genesis 23:17 ל ׳אשׁר מַמְרֵא‎ (usually מ פני ׳על‎: see

7a d), 1 Chronicles 19:7; Nehemiah 8:1, 3; before the temple, veil, altar, etc., Exodus 16:34 + ׳ל הָעֵדֻת‎, 30:6 + ׳ל הַמָּרֹכֶת‎, 40:5-6, Numbers 3:38; 7:10 and elsewhere (all P), 1 Kings 6:21; 7:49 +.

e. Of time, before: Amos 1:1: רעַשׁ הָָֽ לפניbefore the earthquake, Genesis 29:26; 30:30 לְפָנַיbefore me (i.e. before I came to thee), Exodus 10:14 כן היה לא לפניוbefore it there was not the like, Numbers 13:22; 1 Kings 16:25, 30 לְפָנָיו אֲשֶׁר מִכֹּל‎, Isaiah 43:10; 48:7; Proverbs 8:25; Job 15:7 etc. Sq. infinitive, Genesis 13:10 י שַׁחֵת ׳לִפְנֵיbefore ׳י‎s destroying, etc., 27:7 מוֺתִי לִפְנֵי‎, 36:31; 1 Samuel 9:15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, מִזֶּה לִפְנֵיbefore this Nehemiah 13:4.

f. In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1 Samuel 1:16 בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל לִפְנֵי אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ אַלתִּֿתֵּןlike a worthless woman, Job 3:24 like my food, 4:19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).

5 מִלִּפְנֵי73 from before: —

a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִמְּנֵי‎; see

6): (a) Genesis 41:46 פ מִלִּפְנֵי יוסף ׳ויצאfrom before Pharaoh, 47:10; 2 Kings 5:27; 6:32 +; ׳מל ׳יGenesis 4:6 Cain went forth from before ׳י‎, Jonah 1:3, 10; specifically of the sanctuary, Leviticus 9:24 י מלפני אשׁ ׳ותצא‎ (so 10:2), קֶצֶףNumbers 17:11 (compare 2 Chronicles 19:2), with לָקַח‎ etc. Leviticus 16:12; Numbers 17:24; Numbers 20:9, 1 Samuel 21:7 the shew-bread that was removed from before ׳י‎; from before a place 1 Kings 8:54; Ezra 10:6; 2 Chronicles 1:13, (b) of taking, etc., from before a person, Genesis 23:4 to bury my dead from before me, 23:8; Exodus 36:3; Deuteronomy 17:18 הכהנים מל הזאת התורה מִשְׁנֵה לו ׳וכתבfrom (the copy) before the priests, 28:31 מלפניך גָּזוּכ‎. (c) with בקשׁEsther 4:8 [compare מִןקֳדָםDaniel 2:18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Esther 1:19 [compare Daniel 2:15], Ecclesiastes 10:5; 1 Chronicles 29:12 מלפניך והכבוד הָעשֶׁר‎ (compare Acts 3:19); Psalm 17:2 מלפניך‎. משׁפטי יֵצֵא‎. (d) of cutting off, etc., from before ׳י‎ (compare לִפְנֵי

a b, c), Leviticus 22:3; 1 Kings 8:25 מִלְּפָנִי אִישׁ, לְךָ לֹאיִֿכָּרֵתJeremiah 31:36; 33:18; Isaiah 48:19: Psalm 51:13 מִלְּפָנְיךָ אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי‎ (compare 8a); Jeremiah 16:17 מִלְּפָנַי נִסְתְּרוּ לֹא‎, 18:23; Nehemiah 3:37. (e) of expelling from before an invader, Exodus 23:28; Deuteronomy 9:4; 11:23; 31:3 + (but much less common than מִמְּנֵי‎).

b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ‎ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִמְּנֵי‎: with verbs of fearing, 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14; 8:12-13, 1 Chronicles 16:30 מִלְּפָנָיו חִילִי‎ ["" Psalm 96:9 מפניו‎], 114:7 (twice in verse); Esther 7:6; 2 Chronicles 32:7 ( + מפני‎); failing, etc., Isaiah 57:16; Psalm 97:5; being humbled, 1 Kings 21:29 ( + מפני‎), 2 Chronicles 32:12, 23; 34:27 ["" 2 Kings 22:19 מפני‎], 2Ki 36:12; crying for help 1 Samuel 8:18 [compare מפניExodus 3:7], singing 1 Chronicles 16:33 ["" Psalm 96:13 לפני‎], fleeing 1 Chronicles 19:18 ["" 2 Samuel 10:18 מִמְּנֵי‎].

c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵיEcclesiastes 1:10. — With the later usages of ׳מל‎, compare קֳדָם מִן‎ in Biblical Aramaic and ᵑ7‎ (Dr Smlxx-lxxi, lxxiii); see also Köii. 320.

6 מִמְּנֵיfrom the face or presence of, from before, Exodus 14:19 מִמְּנֵיהֶם הענן עמוד וַיִּסַּע‎ removecl from before them, Isaiah 30:11; Hosea 11:2; so

a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן

2d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 21:11; 23:26; Jeremiah 35:11 (twice in verse); 37:11; 41:9; 50:16]) after verbs of hiding Genesis 3:8; 4:14; Isaiah 2:10 (compare 2:19; 2:21); and especially of escaping, Judges 9:21 (Thes 'bene ᵑ9ob metum A.'), 1 Samuel 18:11; 19:10; 23:26, or fleeing, Exodus 4:3; 14:25; 1 Samuel 17:24 + often (see בָּרַךְ‎ and נוּס‎), and expelling, destroying, etc. Exodus 23:30 מִמָּנֶיךָ אֲגָָֽרְשֶׁנּוּ‎ I will expel them from before thee, 34:11, 24 מִמָּנֶיךָ גּוֺיִם אוֺרִישׁ‎ (see הוֺרִישׁ‎), Leviticus 18:24; Deuteronomy 8:20; Amos 2:9; Psalm 89:24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Isaiah 63:12 מִמְּנֵיהֶם מַיִס בּוֺקֵעַ‎, Joshua 2:10; 4:23). Pregn. Isaiah 17:9 ישׂר בני מפני עזבו אשׁר ֗֗֗ ׳כַּעֲזוּבַת‎ which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.

b. implying causation more distinctly. Psalm 9:4 מפניך יאבדו‎ perish from before thee or at the presence, Deuteronomy 7:20: very often with verbs of fearing, as קוץ פחד, ערץ, ירא, חיל, יגר, גור,Exodus 9:30; Numbers 22:3 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 1:17; Jeremiah 5:22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן‎ alone is preferred; but see Deuteronomy 5:5; 9:19); of being alarmed or dismayed Genesis 45:3; Joshua 2:9; Jeremiah 1:17; Job 23:15, etc.; of humbling oneself Exodus 10:3; Judges 11:33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as מִמָּנָיו הַס‎ be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Zephaniah 1:7; Habakkuk 2:20; Judges 5:5 the mountains flowed י ׳מפניat the presence of ׳י‎, Isaiah 63:19; Jeremiah 4:26; Nahum 1:5; Psalm 68:3 as wax melteth אשׁ מפני‎; Deuteronomy 20:19; Isaiah 19:1; 26:17 מפניך היינו כן‎ so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך‎, — implying that their state was due to ׳י‎); מפני קום‎ to rise up at the presence of Genesis 31:35; Leviticus 19:32. (N.B. In

a, b, frequently rendered before in AV RV, and so confused with לפני‎; but the מִן‎ retains always its full force in the Hebrew)

c. of the cause, whether nearer or more remote: (a) Genesis 6:13 מִמְּנֵיהֶם חָמָס הָאָרֶץ מָֽלְאָהbecause of them (i.e. occasioned by them), 27:4 I loathe my life because of the daughters of Heth, 36:7 the land could not support them because of their cattle, 41:31; 47:13; Exodus 3:7 their cry by reason of their taskmasters, 8:20 הֶעָרֹב מִמְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ תִּשָּׁחֵת‎, 9:11; Joshua 2:11; 23:3; Judges 2:18; 6:6; 1 Kings 5:17; 8:11 + often; Isaiah 10:27 (RVm), Jeremiah 15:17; Psalm 38:4; 38:6, etc.; Jeremiah 4:4 + מַעַלְלֵיכֶם רֹעַ מִמְּנֵיby reason of the evil of your doings, 7:12; 9:6; 13:17; 14:16; 23:9 + often (b) stating the reason for which a thing is not done (Latin prae,), 1 Kings 8:11; Job 37:19. (c) with אֲשֶׁר‎ as a

conjunction, twice, because that, Exodus 19:18; Jeremiah 44:23. — Numbers 33:8 see הַחִירֹת מִּי‎.

7 עַלמְּֿנֵי‎ (compare Phoenician מְּנֵ עלת מְּנֵ, עַל‎, Lzb352) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —

a. From the sense of face or front: (a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני‎): Psalm 18:43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני35:5; 83:14 +), Genesis 32:22 the present passed on עלפֿניוin front of him, Exodus 33:19 עלפֿניך כלטֿוּבי אעביר‎,2 Samuel 15:18, 23 (read עלפֿניו‎: see Dr), Job 4:15; = in the sight of, Leviticus 10:3 אֶכָּבֵד העם כל ועלפֿני‎, Jeremiah 6:7 וּמַכָּה חֳלִי תָּמִיד עַלמָּֿנַי‎, 13:26 (compare Nahum 3:5), Psalm 9:20 עלפֿניך גוים יִשָּֽׁפְטוּbefore thee: defiantly, Job 1:11 יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ פניך עלֿ אםלֿא‎ will renounce thee to thy face, 6:28 אֲכַוֵּב אם ועלפֿניכם‎, 21:31; to die in the presence of any one ( = in his lifetime) Genesis 11:28; Numbers 3:4. (b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, Deuteronomy 21:16, and perhaps(Ew§ 217 l) Exodus 20:3 (Deuteronomy 5:7) עלפֿני אחרים אלהים לך יהיה לא‎ (Thes and others as c). (c) in addition to, Job 16:14 יִפְרְצֵנִי מֶּרֶץעַלמְּֿנֵיפֶֿרֶץ‎. (d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFMJu., p. 351) = east of, 1 Kings 6:3 the porch in front of, etc., 6:3; 7:6; 8:8; 2 Chronicles 3:17; Ezekiel 42:8; Genesis 16:12 ישׁכן כלאֿחיו עלפֿני‎ (compare 25:18 b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; ׳עַלפֿ מַמְרֵא23:19 (50:13), Exodus 16:14; often in ֗֗֗ עלפֿני אשׁרGenesis 25:9 (49:30), מצרים49:18 a (Joshua 13:3; 1 Samuel 15:7), Numbers 21:11; 33:7 a, ירחוDeuteronomy 32:49 (34:1), Joshua 13:3, 25; 15:8 (18:16), 17:7; 18:14; 19:11; Judges 16:3; 1 Samuel 24:3 (probably), 26:1, 3; 2 Samuel 2:24; 1 Kings 11:7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2 Kings 23:13; Zechariah 14:4), Zech 17:3; Zech 17:5. — Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly השׁמים רקיע עלפֿניin front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth. (ε) with verbs implying direction, over towardas, 18:16 סדם עלפֿני וישׁקף‎, 19:28; Numbers 21:20 (23:28) הישׁימן עלפֿני נשׁקפהoverlooking; to sprinkle against the front of Leviticus 16:14; in a hostile sense (rare), Nahum 2:2 עַלמָּֿנַיִךְ מֵפִיץ עָלָה‎, Psalm 21:13; Ezekiel 32:10.

b. From the sense of surface, Genesis 1:2 תהום עלפֿניupon the face of the deep, Exodus 16:14 עלפֿ ׳המדבר‎: often in the phrases הארץ (כל) עלפֿניGenesis 1:29; 7:3 +, and (more frequently) האדמה עלפֿניon the face of the ground 6:1; 7:23 etc.; השׂדה פני עלLeviticus 17:5; Numbers 19:16; 1 Samuel 14:25 +; after verbs of motion, 11:4 lest we be scattered over the face of all the earth, 11:8; 11:9; Exodus 32:20; Leviticus 14:7 (14:53 אל‎), Isaiah 18:2; 19:8; Amos 5:8; Ezekiel 32:4; Job 5:10 +.

8 מֵעַלמְּֿנֵי

a. from before the face of, Genesis 23:3 Abraham rose up מֵתוֺ מְּנֵי מֵעַלfrom before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; Psalms (פניו‎) פני מֵעַלfrom before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת1 Kings 9:7 ("" 2 Chronicles 7:20 השׁליך‎), Jeremiah 15:1, השׁליד2 Kings 13:23; 24:20 (Jeremiah 52:3), 7:15, נטשׁ23:39, הסיר2 Kings 17:18, 23; 23:27; 24:3; Jeremiah 32:31.

b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase הָאֲדָמָה מְּנֵי מֵעַל‎, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., Psalms; Genesis 4:14; 6:7; 7:4; 8:8; Exodus 32:12; Deuteronomy 6:15; 1 Samuel 20:15; 1 Kings 9:7; 13:34; Amos 9:8; Jeremiah 28:16; Zephaniah 1:2-3,.








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